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[1] Once carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, they are in the blood (extracellular–outside of the cells); however, cells need that glucose in order to carry out certain processes so it has to be brought inside (intracellular). Through the process of glycolysis, glucose is broken down to produce ATP. ATP is the currency system of the cell (like dollar bills). It fuels the work that cells need to do. While glucose is a simple sugar, it is still a relatively large molecule, therefore it needs certain transporters in order to allow it to enter a cell. These are known as GLUTs (glucose transporters). [2] Contrary to popular belief, not all cells require insulin in order to transport glucose inside of a cell. Some organs and tissues are insulin-independent, meaning insulin is not required, whereas others are insulin-dependent, meaning they require insulin. [3] GLUT 4 transporters are located on skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the heart and do require insulin. In order for glucose to be transported into these cells, insulin must bind to insulin receptors and signal for this process to occur. Insulin is produced by beta cells in the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels.
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In research, it’s extremely difficult to do any long term, diet-controlled studies due to lack of compliance. Irrespective of the diet, you can imagine controlling subjects for several years is a difficult task for any researcher to do. That being said, there are several long-term studies showing a positive benefit for the ketogenic diet. One study found that 66 obese individuals with high cholesterol were able to lower their weight and cholesterol levels with a ketogenic diet over 56 weeks. [4] A meta analysis (which is an analysis of several published papers) found that “Individuals assigned to a ketogenic diet achieve a greater weight loss than those assigned to a low fat diet in the long term; hence, a ketogenic diet may be an alternative tool against obesity. ” [5] All of the studies analyzed were greater than 12 months in duration. Lastly, even reducing your carbohydrate intake to less than 20% has shown to have sustainable weight loss even 44 months later! [6]For individuals starting a keto diet in the 1990’s, adherence to the diet was likely a lot harder as options were a bit more limited. Today, you can “ketofy” nearly anything from pizza to desserts so it’s much more sustainable and the research shows the weight loss is maintained. Nutritional Completeness: 1. 6/5 Stars Rated as “extremely incomplete” in the nutrition category, panelists had concerns about the saturated fat content. One expert explained that ‘any diet that recommends snacking on bacon can’t be taken seriously as a health-promoting way to eat’ and another added that the keto diet is ‘nutritionally unbalanced and likely difficult for most people to stick with long-term, which means that any weight loss will likely be regained.
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One expert went as far to say that the ketogenic diet isn’t safe for those with diabetes. Ironically, the explanation in the article did include the disclaimer that research has proven that decreasing carbohydrates can help with the disease. Counter: Of all the areas for these experts to lend support to a low carb, ketogenic diet, this should be the one. The data is OVERWHELMINGLY clear that a ketogenic diet can not only help prevent diabetes but actually has
been shown to reverse it. Despite the fact that the CDC still recommends that those with type II diabetes consume 225 grams of carbohydrates per day, doctors are speaking out against this recommendation as it keeps patients on the vicious cycle of diabetes medication requiring carbohydrates to prevent hypoglycemia, followed by needing the medication for insulin that is released after the consumed carbs. A recent meta-analysis which included 20 years of published research studying the effects of a ketogenic diet on patients with type 2 diabetes. The review concluded that ketogenic diet is ‘superior’ in terms of glycemic control—the results were significant enough to recommend the keto diet as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. [15]Another recent study concludes that in addition to reduction in body weight and improving lipid profile, there was a significant improvement in HbA1c and reduction in the intake of insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes. [16] Not only does this research show how the keto diet can lead to weight loss and improved metabolic health, it’s also monetarily cost effective as it reduces the need for insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs. Lastly, our friends at Virta Health are doing
incredible work reversing type 2 diabetes with their low carb protocols. One of their studies shows that this dietary monitoring protocol lowered glycemic control medication from 55.
