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Net carbs are the carbs your body actually absorbs. To calculate net carbs, subtract the grams of fiber from the total grams of carbs. [1](Total grams of carbs – grams of fiber = net carbs)Some grains are lower in carbs and higher in fiber, while others are higher in carbs and should definitely be avoided on keto. Carbohydrates are categorized into simple and complex. [2] Starch and fiber are complex carbs, and sugar is a simple carb. To simplify: fiber is a type of carb, but you can’t digest it; rather, it feeds the healthy bacteria in your gut. Starch is more like long chains of sugar molecules connected together (envision a sugary pearl necklace), and your body breaks starch down into individual sugar pearls or units. [3]Simple CarbsRefined white flour is simple carbsSimple carbohydrates have one or two sugar molecules. Fructose (the fruit sugar) or glucose have one sugar molecule, whereas disaccharides like lactose (the milk sugar) and sucrose (table sugar) are made up of two. [4]Simple carbs come from added sugars like white and brown sugar and honey and from naturally occurring sugars found in milk and fruits. Refined grains and foods like white rice and white flour have been stripped of most of their nutrients and contain mostly sugar rather than starch or fiber, leading to a high blood sugar spike that would kick you out of ketosis.
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While glucose is a simple sugar, it is still a relatively large molecule, therefore it needs certain transporters in order to allow it to enter a cell. These are known as GLUTs (glucose transporters). [2] Contrary to popular belief, not all cells require insulin in order to transport glucose inside of a cell. Some organs and tissues are insulin-independent, meaning insulin is not required, whereas others are insulin-dependent, meaning they require insulin. [3] GLUT 4 transporters are located on skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the heart and do require insulin. In order for glucose to be transported into these cells, insulin must bind to insulin receptors and signal for this process to occur. Insulin is produced by beta cells in the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels. Once it is released, it binds to insulin receptors and triggers a response to allow glucose to be transported into the cell. [4]GLUT 1 Insulin independentBloodBlood-brain-barrierHeart (partially) GLUT 2Insulin-independentLiverPancreasSmall IntestineGLUT 3Insulin-independentBrain NeuronsSpermGLUT 4Insulin-dependentSkeletal MuscleAdipose tissue (fat)HeartDysfunctions in Glucose RegulationGlucose regulation can become dysfunctional at many different steps. If insulin is not produced sufficiently, glucose is unable to enter insulin-dependent cells and these cells can starve. This is known as type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Lactose is broken down into these two sugars and then
galactose is further broken down into glucose (or glycogen). [1] Once carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, they are in the blood (extracellular–outside of the
cells); however, cells need that glucose in order to carry out certain processes so it has to be brought inside (intracellular). Through the process of glycolysis, glucose is broken down to produce ATP. ATP is the currency system of the cell (like dollar bills). It fuels the work that cells need to do. While glucose is a simple sugar, it is still a relatively large molecule, therefore it needs certain transporters in order to allow it to enter a cell. These are known as
GLUTs (glucose transporters). [2] Contrary to popular belief, not all cells require insulin in order to transport glucose inside of a cell. Some organs and tissues are insulin-independent, meaning insulin is not required, whereas others are insulin-dependent, meaning they require insulin. [3] GLUT 4 transporters are located on skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the heart and do require insulin. In order for glucose to be transported into these cells, insulin must bind to insulin receptors and signal for this process to occur.
